World Countries Info After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained
its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties
to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia
signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater
political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to
carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place.
Geography of Belarus
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Location:
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Eastern Europe, east of
Poland |
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Geographic coordinates:
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53 00 N, 28 00 E |
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Area:
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total: 207,600 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 207,600 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Kansas |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,900 km
border countries: Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 407 km,
Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km |
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked) |
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked) |
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Climate:
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cold winters, cool and
moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime |
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Terrain:
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generally flat and contains
much marshland |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Nyoman
River 90 m
highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m |
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Natural resources:
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forests, peat deposits,
small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone,
marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay |
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Land use:
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arable land: 29.76%
permanent crops: 0.69%
other: 69.55% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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1,150 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Environment - current issues:
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soil pollution from
pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout
from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; glacial
scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its
11,000 lakes; the country is geologically well endowed with extensive
deposits of granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and
clay
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More Geography
Population of Belarus
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Population:
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10,310,520 (July 2004 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.3% (male 859,219;
female 823,839)
15-64 years: 69.2% (male 3,469,926; female 3,662,203)
65 years and over: 14.5% (male 496,204; female 999,129) (2004 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 36.9 years
male: 34.2 years
female: 39.5 years (2004 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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-0.11% (2004 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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10.52 births/1,000 |
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Death rate:
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14.1 deaths/1,000 |
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Net migration rate:
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2.54 migrant(s)/1,000 |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 13.62 deaths/1,000 live
births
female: 12.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 14.71 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 68.57 years
male: 62.79 years
female: 74.65 years (2004 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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1.36 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.3% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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15,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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1,000 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish,
Ukrainian, and other 7.4% |
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Religions:
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Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including
Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.) |
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Languages:
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Belarusian, Russian, other |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.)
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Government
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of
Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local short form: none
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
local long form: Respublika Byelarus' |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Minsk |
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Administrative divisions:
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6 voblastsi (singular - voblasts') and one
municipality* (harady, singular - horad); Brestskaya (Brest), Homyel'skaya (Homyel'),
Horad Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya (Hrodna), Mahilyowskaya (Mahilyow), Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya
(Vitsyebsk); note - when using a place name with the adjectival ending 'skaya,' the word
Voblasts' should be added to the place name
note: voblasti have the administrative center name following in parentheses |
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Independence:
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25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3
July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date
of independence from the Soviet Union |
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Constitution:
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30 March 1994; revised by national
referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996 |
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Legal system:
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based on civil law system |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Aleksandr
LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (since 19 December 2003); First
Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since December 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers
Andrei KOBYAKOV (since December 2003), Vladimir DRAZHIN (since 24 September 2001), Roman
VNUCHKO (since 10 July 2003), Anatoly TYUTYUNOV (since July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote -
Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election
took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election
should have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November
1996 referendum; new election held 9 September 2001 (next election to be held by September
2006); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament or Natsionalnoye
Sobranie consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats; 56
members elected by regional councils and 8 members appointed by the president, all for
4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Pretsaviteley (110 seats;
members elected by universal adult suffrage to serve 4-year terms)
election results: Soviet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; Palata Pretsaviteley - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - KPB 6,
AP 5, RPPS 2, LDPB 1, PPA 1, non-party 81, other 14
elections: last held 15 and 29 October 2000 and 18 March and 1 April 2001 (next to
be held Fall 2004) |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the
president); Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half
appointed by the Chamber of Representatives) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY];
Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman]; Belarusian Ecological Green
Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA];
Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH,
chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat
Party or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Party or
Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav
KUZNETSOV]; Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Anatol LEBEDKO]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or
PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy
NETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA];
Women's Party or "Nadezhda" [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson] |
Economy
Belarus' economy in 2003 posted 6.1 percent growth and is likely to continue
expanding through 2004, albeit at a slower growth rate. The Belarusian economy in 2004
is likely to be hampered by high inflation, persistent trade deficits, and ongoing rocky
relations with Russia, Belarus' largest trading partner and energy supplier. Belarus has
seen little structural reform since 1995, when President LUKASHENKO launched the country
on the path of "market socialism." In keeping with this policy, LUKASHENKO
reimposed administrative controls over prices and currency exchange rates and expanded
the state's right to intervene in the management of private enterprises. In addition,
businesses have been subject to pressure on the part of central and local governments,
e.g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous rigorous inspections, retroactive
application of new business regulations, and arrests of "disruptive"
businessmen and factory owners. A wide range of redistributive policies has helped those
at the bottom of the ladder. For the time being, Belarus remains self-isolated from the
West and its open-market economies.
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $61.91 billion
(2003 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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6.1% (2003 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2003
est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 9%
industry: 31.5%
services: 59.5% (2002 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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22% (1995 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 20% (1998) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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21.7 (1998) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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30% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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4.8 million (2000 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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2.1% officially registered unemployed
(December 2000); large number of underemployed workers (2003 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $4 billion
expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $180 million (1997
est.) |
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Industries:
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metal-cutting machine tools, tractors,
trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, television sets, chemical fibers, fertilizer, textiles,
radios, refrigerators |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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5% (2003 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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24.4 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 99.5%
hydro: 0.1%
other: 0.4% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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26.69 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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300 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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4.3 billion kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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37,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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230,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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200 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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18 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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17.8 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets,
flax; beef, milk |
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Exports:
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$9.413 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, mineral products,
chemicals, metals; textiles, foodstuffs |
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Exports - partners:
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Russia 59.8%, Germany 4.9%, Ukraine 3.9%
(2002) |
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Imports:
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$11.09 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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mineral products, machinery and equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs, metals |
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Imports - partners:
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Russia 68%, Germany 9.6%, Poland 3% (2002) |
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Debt - external:
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$851 million (2001 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$194.3 million (1995) |
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Currency:
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Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR) |
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Currency code:
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BYB/BYR |
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Exchange rates:
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Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,790.92
(2003), 1,920 (2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000), 248.8 (1999) |
SOURCES: The CIA World Factbook, U.S. Department of State, Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress
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